Ophthalmology Specialist at International Modern Hospital
How Does Diabetes Affect the Eyes?
According to Dr. Afraa Salman, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that affects various organs in the body, particularly the eyes. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the eyes, potentially leading to vision impairment or even blindness if the condition is not managed properly.
What Is Diabetic Retinopathy?
Diabetic Retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the retina—the part of the eye responsible for converting light into signals that are sent to the brain to form images.
It occurs when high blood sugar damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina. These vessels may leak, become blocked, or grow abnormally, all of which can lead to vision problems.
What Are the Key Symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy?
Dr. Salman emphasizes that symptoms often don’t appear in the early stages, which makes regular eye exams essential. As the condition progresses, the following symptoms may occur:
- Blurry or unclear vision
- Dark or floating spots in the field of vision
- Poor night vision
- Difficulty distinguishing colors
- Sudden vision loss in one eye
- Seeing straight lines as wavy or distorted
Can Diabetic Retinopathy Cause Blindness?
Yes. If not diagnosed and treated early, diabetic retinopathy can lead to blindness. Diagnosis usually involves a comprehensive eye exam, which includes dilating the pupils to get a clearer view of the inside of the eye.
Tests may include:
- Fluorescein angiography: Dye is injected into a vein to visualize blood vessels in the eye.
- OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography): Measures retinal thickness.
- Slit-lamp examination: Detects swelling, bleeding, or vessel changes.
- Amsler grid test: Evaluates central vision clarity.
- Optic nerve testing and nerve conduction assessments to evaluate the impact on the optic nerve.
Early screening helps detect the disease in its initial stages, allowing for timely intervention and prevention of vision loss.
How Is Diabetic Retinopathy Treated?
If diagnosed, treatment varies based on the stage of the disease and includes:
- Laser Treatment (Photocoagulation)
Seals leaking blood vessels and prevents disease progression. It reduces the risk of vision loss but does not restore lost vision. - Anti-VEGF Eye Injections
These include medications such as Eylea (aflibercept), Avastin (bevacizumab), and Lucentis (ranibizumab).
They block abnormal blood vessel growth and reduce swelling in the retina. Injections are given periodically based on the case. - Steroid Therapy
Used in some cases to reduce retinal swelling. However, it may cause side effects like increased eye pressure or cataracts, so it must be done under medical supervision. - Vitrectomy Surgery
In advanced cases, this surgery removes blood and scar tissue from the eye, significantly improving vision.
What Are the Latest Advances in Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment?
Dr. Afraa Salman outlines the latest innovations aimed at improving the quality of life for patients with diabetes:
- Smart Monitoring Devices
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems help maintain stable blood sugar and reduce eye-related complications. - AI-Powered Retinal Imaging
Advanced tools using artificial intelligence can screen for retinal disease without requiring a specialist, aiding early detection. - Gene and Cell Therapy
Still in experimental stages, these therapies aim to repair retinal damage, not just manage symptoms. - Micropulse Laser Therapy
A newer, less invasive laser technique that minimizes damage to surrounding eye tissues.
How Can I Prevent Diabetic Retinopathy?
Despite its risks, prevention is possible, says Dr. Salman, through the following:
- Strict blood sugar control
- Maintaining normal blood pressure and cholesterol levels
- Following a healthy diet and regular exercise
- Quitting smoking
- Annual comprehensive eye exams
Final Thoughts
Diabetic retinopathy is a silent threat to vision, but it is preventable and treatable—especially when detected early and managed properly. Integrating modern technology in diabetes monitoring and eye screening offers hope to millions of patients in preserving their sight.
